Posture in Ergonomics: Muscle Activity, Risk Assessment, and Intervention Effectiveness Across Occupational and Clinical Settings

Abstract

Posture plays a critical role in ergonomics, influencing muscle activity, risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), and overall occupational health across clinical and industrial settings. This review synthesizes current literature on muscle activation patterns associated with diverse postures and tasks, risk assessments linking improper postures to MSD prevalence, and various measurement methods including observational tools, biomechanical analysis, wearable sensors, and machine learning techniques. It also examines how task design, work environment, individual factors, and organizational practices affect ergonomic risks. Furthermore, the effectiveness of ergonomic interventions such as exoskeletons, biofeedback, robotic systems, and AI-powered assessment tools is evaluated. Findings reveal that static and dynamic postures differentially impact muscle fatigue and demand, that high-risk postures correlate with increased MSD incidence, and that emerging technologies enhance risk detection and intervention efficacy. Ultimately, integrating personalized ergonomic strategies with innovative technologies and organizational support is essential to promote sustainable workplace health and reduce MSD-related burdens.