Integrating Physical and Cognitive Ergonomics: Workload, Performance, and Human–Technology Interaction Across Complex Systems

Abstract

This review paper explores the integration of physical and cognitive ergonomics within complex systems such as aviation, healthcare, and military operations, emphasizing workload, performance, and human–technology interaction. It synthesizes current research on the effects of combined physical and cognitive demands on task performance and safety, incorporating physiological, behavioral, and computational approaches to cognitive workload measurement. Key themes include adaptive human performance under high demand, trust and engagement in human–robot interaction, decision-making and error mechanisms, individual cognitive differences, and ergonomic system design. The review highlights the importance of multimodal assessment strategies and personalized ergonomic interventions to enhance resilience, efficiency, and well-being. Findings underscore the necessity of integrated ergonomic designs and training programs to support user safety and system performance, while identifying ongoing challenges in modeling complex cognitive processes and implementing adaptive technologies. Future research should focus on refining multimodal workload models, addressing individual variability, and advancing human–machine collaboration to optimize ergonomic outcomes.