International Journal of Nanoelectronics and Materials (IJNeaM)

Synergistic Electromagnetic Wave Absorbing Properties of NiFe2O4/MWCNT Composites Synthesized via Microwave-Assisted Combustion Method in Ku-band

Mon, 04 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the synthesis, microstructural characteristics, magnetic properties, and electromagnetic wave absorption performance of nickel ferrite (NiFe₂O₄) composites reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) synthesized via the microwave-assisted combustion (MAC) method. Through X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the desired structure of NiFe₂O₄ and the successful integration of MWCNTs with NiFe₂O₄ were confirmed. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis revealed the entanglement of MWCNTs and their significant impact on hindering grain growth, resulting in a finer grain structure. The average grain size reduction from 1.317 µm for pure NiFe₂O₄ to 0.436 µm for NiFe₂O₄/2wt%MWCNT demonstrated the effectiveness of MWCNTs as grain boundary migration obstacles. Magnetic property analyses showed a nuanced interplay between MWCNT concentration and composite behaviour, with the saturation magnetization (M_s) exhibiting substantial enhancement in the NiFe₂O₄/2wt%MWCNT composite, indicative of effective alignment of magnetic moments. However, a subsequent decrease in M_s at higher MWCNT concentrations (4wt% and 6wt%) suggested potential dilution effects and disruptions in magnetic interactions within the composite. Electromagnetic wave absorption investigations revealed NiFe₂O₄/4wt%MWCNT as a highly efficient absorber in the Ku-band, with superior impedance matching and a high attenuation constant. The reflection loss (RL) reached a maximum of -17.58 dB at 12.78 GHz, signifying absorption of more than 99% of the incident EM wave in the microwave range. The favourable impedance matching and high attenuation constant contributed to the superior performance of NiFe₂O₄/4wt%MWCNT compared to pure NiFe₂O₄ and MWCNT. These findings suggest the potential of NiFe₂O₄/MWCNT composites for applications in telecommunications, aerospace, and electronics, with opportunities for further optimization and investigation into long-term stability and durability under varying environmental conditions.

Properties of porous gallium nitride under varying etching durations of low temperature photoelectrochemical etching

Mon, 04 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In this work, the porous gallium nitride (PGaN) samples were fabricated via photoelectrochemical etching (PEC) at low temperature (LT) condition. The effect of etching duration during the low temperature photoelectrochemical etching (LT-PEC) on the structural and morphological properties of PGaN structures was investigated. A continuous current density of 60 mA/cm² and potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte was used during the etching process at different etching durations of 40, 60, and 90 minutes. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images revealed that PGaN etched for 60 minutes had the smallest pore diameter (27.23 nm) and highest estimated porosity (36.0 %). Its pore diameter and the estimated average pore depth also increased as the duration increased. Furthermore, the atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurement revealed that the root mean square (RMS) surface roughness increased as the etching duration increased. The Raman spectra of E₂(high) phonon mode of all the PGaNs had shifted to lower frequency than that of the as-grown GaN due to the stress relaxation. Lastly, the intensities of the Raman spectra of the PGaNs increased as the duration increased, indicating more efficient light scattering in their porous structures. Therefore, the enhanced PGaN properties indicate that they possess good potential for implementation in sensing devices application.

Structural, morphological, and electrical properties of safe PEO electrolyte

Mon, 04 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This work aims to fabricate and characterize polymer composites as electrolyte materials. Using the solution casting process, lithium chloride (LiCl) salt concentrations of 5, 8, 10, 12, and 15% wt/wt were dissolved in a solution of acetonitrile and polyethylene oxide to create Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) electrolyte. After that, the electrolytes produced are characterized to examine their properties. A tension test was used to investigate the mechanical properties, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to study the structural properties, and UV VIS and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to study the optical properties. The DC and AC tests were used to examine the electrical properties. XRD results show the presence of two distinct Bragg peaks (120) and (112) at 19.15° and 23.35° respectively in the pure PEO XRD pattern suggesting that the polymer has a semicrystalline structure. From the XRD studies, the electrolyte's crystallinity has deteriorated as a result of the rising concentration of lithium chloride. According to the SEM data, the micrographs demonstrate the crystalline nature and amorphous boundaries of the polymer electrolytes. The PEO electrolytes' surfaces show extensive pore architectures and interconnected network topologies. The results of the tension test indicated that the young modulus was 1.95 MPa at 8% LiCl concentration, the optimal ultimate strength was 22.5 MPa at 8% LiCl concentration, and the optimum elongation was 667% likewise at 8% LiCl concentration. The polymer and lithium chloride demonstrated good complexing, according to the FTIR data. According to the UV-VIS test, an increase in lithium chloride concentration causes the band gap to shrink by 3.7 eV for 12% LiCl, which is subsequently exacerbated by an increase in salt concentration. When the ionic conductivity was examined under temperature changes between 40 ˚C and 65˚C for PEO, the highest conductivity was 2.99×10-5 S/cm at 40˚C using 15% LiCl concentration.

Production of nickel oxide nanoparticles by laser and study of antibacterial properties against wound infection

Mon, 04 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Nanostructure materials have a variety of technical applications that come from their remarkable size-dependent properties as compared to particle range size. Nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles (NPs) acquire huge attention related to their promise usage in many fields. NiO NPs are produced using pulsed laser ablation (PLA) in distilled water (DW), a highly controlled and eco-friendly method. The manufactured NiO NPs were investigated by various techniques to study their physio-chemical properties. Structural analysis of NiO nanoparticles (NiO NPs) using X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that they possess a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure. The formation of NiO NPs is indicated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) which presents a clear FTIR peak at 688 cm–1. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) displays the common morphology with spheroids-like particles coalesced layer structure, and the mean particle size is 44 nm. Tauck's formula was employed to estimate the energy band gap, which was found to be aproximately 5.2 eV. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) shows that the particle size was 38.9 nm and that the NiO NPs had good stability. The zeta potential was negatively charged at 12.5 mV. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) were examined for their antibacterial efficacy against the NiO NPs. The current investigation demonstrates strong antibacterial activity that may be investigated in the next clinical interventions.

Enhancing the performance of electrical discharge machining using nanotechnology

Mon, 04 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The electrical discharge machining (EDM) process is a nontraditional method utilized to manufacture complicated and hard materials with high electrical conductivity. Since the tool wear usually has a high influence on EDM performance, it leads to a substantial increase in product precision. Thus, it is important to conduct an experimental study intended to minimize the tool wear rate (TWR) while increasing the material removal rate (MRR). Presently, nanocomposite electrodes represent a new solution for the EDM process. These electrodes have the potential to improve the operational performance and economic efficiency of EDM technology. This study experimentally analyzed and evaluated the performance of copper and copper-nanographene electrodes in the EDM process. TWR and MRR were used as quality pointers in this study. The results of this work demonstrated a significant enhancement in EDM performance and in improving economic efficiency. The experimental results represent hardness improvement with 42%, electrical conductivity with 23%, and thermal conductivity with 30%. Experimentally the nanographene in EDM assisted in reducing the TWR by 14.34% and increasing MRR by 15.39%, moreover, the surface quality of the workpiece was improved too with coppernanographene electrodes in the EDM process.

Design of Translinear Circuit-Based Temperature-Independent Reference Current

Alaa H. Mohammed, MAIZAN MUHAMAD, HANIM HUSSIN, NORHAFIZAH BURHAM — Mon, 04 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

When designing analog circuits, performance stability is an essential aspect, especially against temperature variations. The reference current, which is widely used to bias the analog circuits at an appropriate operating point, is one of the parameters that should be stable versus the temperature changes. This paper aims to design a stable and temperature-independent reference current with a low cost of fabrication and low power consumption, where the total consumption of power was only 1uW at 1V supply voltage. Since the mobility of carriers in the MOS devices is a temperature-dependent parameter, the new design uses the translinear principle-based square root circuit combined with two current source circuits to cancel the thermal effect of the carriers’ mobility on the produced current. The square root circuit of the proposed reference current circuit was designed to operate in the weak inversion region to achieve the linear property and was implemented by a 0.1μm CMOS technology. The simulation results recorded an output current of 25.06μA over a temperature range from 0 to 100 ℃ with a temperature coefficient of 92 ppm/°C. Thus, the proposed design of the reference current is suitable for low-power applications, especially for ultra-low-power op-amps

Numerical prediction of effective elastic properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes-poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites for orthopedic surgeries application

Mon, 04 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study undertakes a numerical examination of the effective elastic characteristics of various nanocomposites comprising poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as the matrix, reinforced with armchair or zigzag single-walled carbon nanotubes. Such composites serve as biomaterial implants in the field of medicine. Employing COMSOL Multiphysics® Software, specifically the Solid Mechanics Physics module within the Structural Mechanics module, we conducted analyses on three-dimensional representative volume elements for static evaluations. Our focus was on determining the effective elastic properties, encompassing elastic moduli in X, Y, and Z directions, as well as shear moduli in XY, YZ, and ZX planes. The investigation encompassed varying volume fractions of the reinforcement material, spanning low and medium concentrations. Additionally, the elastic modulus in the x-direction underwent validation using the Rule of Mixture, providing a thorough assessment of the polymer/nanotube composite's elastic modulus in the X-direction and confirming the accuracy of this specific outcome. Ultimately, our work contributes to the advancement of materials and technologies by furnishing significant insights into the effective elastic properties of the examined nanocomposites, across various levels of carbon nanotube reinforcement, while ensuring the reliability of the obtained elastic modulus in the x-direction through validation using the Rule of Mixture.

Influence of MgO Nanofillers on a Novel LLDPE/HDPE Compound's Resistivity for HVDC Usage

SYATIRAH BINTI MOHD NOOR MOHD NOOR — Mon, 04 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

One important consideration for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) cable insulation systems is the resistivity level. Researchers have looked into using polymer nanocomposites as insulators in order to address this. The electrical qualities of HVDC cable insulation are significantly improved by these nanocomposites. The resistivity level of a compound made of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) filled with different amounts of MgO nanofiller was investigated experimentally in this work. The Design of Experiment (DOE) method was utilized in conjunction with a running test setup to design the 4-point probe measuring technique. The basic polymer composition was made up of 70:30 LLDPE to HDPE ratios. Finding the best sample with the fewest error fluctuations and a favorable resistivity pattern was the aim. Notably, under some circumstances, the addition of 5 weight percent MgO filler produced higher resistance than the 1 weight percent MgO filler. Our investigation leads us to the conclusion that a higher proportion of MgO nanofiller is associated with a higher resistivity, suggesting that this is a promising way to improve the insulating qualities of HVDC cables.

The optimisation of mechanical properties of fish gelatin as biodegradable films

Mohd Shahrulnizam Ahmad, Roshafima Rasit Ali, Aznizam Abu Bakar, Zurina Mohamad — Mon, 04 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The mechanical characteristics of the biodegradable polymer are crucial to determine the application of the materials, especially as the packaging materials. This work reports the optimisation of the biodegradable polymer film formulation based on fish gelatin and glycerol on the tensile strength (Ts) and elongation at break (EB) of biopolymer film. The gelatin from the skin of tilapia fish is dissolved in 100 millilitres (ml) of distilled water and mixed with glycerol as a hydrophilic plasticiser, then cast and dried to produce films. The range contents of fish gelatin and glycerol used are 5.0 to 9.0 grams (g) and 10 to 20 % (w/w), respectively. This optimisation is done with central composite design (CCD) using response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum Ts of 27.625 MPa was found at formulation with 9.0 grams of gelatin and 10% glycerol, and the optimum EB of 44.578% was recorded at 9.0 grams of gelatin with 20% glycerol. These formulations exhibited only 5.12% and 0.60% error between actual and predicted values. Otherwise, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) also demonstrated the achievable glycerol incorporated in fish gelatin film at 20% glycerol by hydrogen bonding in Amides A, I, II, and III mostly shifted to the higher wavenumber. This success can be seen from the aliphatic alcohol (C-O molecules derived from glycerol) peak around 1035 cm^-1 and 1029 cm^-1. The peaks shifted from 1029.99 cm^-1 to 1035.77 cm^-1 at 10% to 20% of glycerol. Otherwise, the successful incorporation of glycerol by decreasing intermolecular forces of films where peaks of Amide A became more intense, wider and sharper.

Graphitic Carbon Nitride/ Zinc Oxide Heterostructure Photocatalyst for Azo Dye Removal and Electricity Generation Via Photocatalytic Fuel Cell

Jai-Xien OrYang, Li Ngee Ho, Chang-Chuan Lee, Kang-Zheng Khor, Soon-An Ong — Mon, 04 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Photoanode is a crucial part of the photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) system for its function to degrade organic pollutants and produce electrons for electricity generation. A facile way was used to fabricate the heterojunction graphitic carbon nitride/zinc oxide (GCN/ZnO) composites through combustion of urea and zinc acetate dihydrate in three different mass ratios. The synthesised GCN/ZnO composites were then loaded on a carbon plate as photoanode by employing ultrasonication and immobilisation methods. The synthesised GCN/ZnO composites were characterised by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), N2 sorption–desorption isotherms and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The GCN/ZnO photoanode was applied in a PFC with platinum-loaded carbon paper as the cathode. Reactive Red 120 (RR120) was used as a model pollutant in the PFC under ultraviolet light (UVA) irradiation. The findings revealed that the GCN/ZnO2 heterojunction photoanode achieved a decolourisation efficiency of 55.24% in 10 mg/L of RR120, which was 0.9 times higher than that of the GCN photoanode, while the maximum power density was 17.14 mW/m2, which was 13.39 times compared with that of the GCN photoanode.

Mechanochemical synthesis of Mg doped ZnO/CuO heterojunction composite-based electrode for electrochemical sensing

Mon, 04 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The influence of Mg doping and the impact of heterointerface growth mechanism of mechanochemically synthesized Mg-doped ZnO/CuO (MZC) heterojunction composite as electrode material for electrochemical sensing applications have been investigated. Thin-film composite electrode composed of bulk Mg doped ZnO/CuO nanocomposite deposited on ITO glass substrates using spin coating were fabricated. Structural analysis revealed that the hexagonal wurzite features of ZnO was preserved with Mg doping, and no new phases were developed. The MZC composite consists of prominent wurzite ZnO peaks along with peaks correspond to cubic monoclinic CuO. A significant reduction of D is estimated on the analyzed phases. his finding agrees with the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) morphologies of ultra-small interconnected MZ and CuO particles that were reduced and had high defect levels due to the mechanochemical effect. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis confirmed the complete transformation of the starting materials. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirmed the existence of ZnO and CuO compositions, as well as a Mg phase in the composite. Cyclic voltammetry analysis revealed an improved peak current and narrower anodic-cathodic potential separation from 233 μA of basic ZnO (Z) electrode to 245 μA on the Mg-doped ZnO/CuO composite electrodes (MZC) indicating higher sensitivity and a much higher charge transfer rate, respectively. The findings provide promising insights into Mg-doped ZnO/CuO bulk heterojunction nanocomposite systems and their potential for electrochemical sensing applications.

Characterization and properties of NiO-ZnO nanocrystalline thin films on glass substrates deposited by SILAR technique

Sandeep Kumar Soni, R. S. Singh, Pankaj Soni — Mon, 04 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Nanocrystalline thin films of pristine ZnO and NiO, as well as their composites NiO-ZnO have been deposited on glass substrates with varying percentages of individual components using the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique. The morphology of the deposited nanocomposite films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and Raman spectra revealed phase identification of zinc oxide (ZnO) and nickel oxide (NiO). Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy technique provides specific important structural and functional information of the prepared samples. UV-Visible spectroscopy revealed the transmittance increased with the increase in ZnO while the abrupt drop in transmittance shifted towards lower wavelength as NiO content increased. Photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) was used to study the optical properties providing evidence for several types of defects in the as grown nanostructures. The optical properties varied with the mixing proportion of ZnO and NiO. Increasing percentage of ZnO in the composite films induced red shift in the optical energy band gap in the range (3.51-3.12eV) and induced decline in electrical resistivity.

A Review: The Response of Fluorine Implantation on Silicon PMOS at Poly-Si Gate, P+/N-junction, and Ti-Salicide

Sai Link Lee, Chan Lik Tan, Mohamed Fauzi Packeer Mohamed — Mon, 04 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This review paper offers a comprehensive overview of fluorine implantation's impact on three critical device areas: Poly-Si/SiO2
interface, P+/N-junction, and Ti-salicide formation. The study reveals that fluorine facilitates bond strain relaxation at the SiO2-Si
interface, reduces transient enhanced diffusion of boron in P+/N-junction, and promotes the formation of C-54 phase titanium silicides at Ti-salicide. These findings highlight fluorine implantation's potential to enhance electrical characteristics such as low junction leakage, low sheet resistance and reliability stress in NBTI/TDDB. However, the study also indicates that the implantation doses of fluorine atoms need to be controlled, as low doses decrease interface trap density while higher doses have the opposite effect. This review offers invaluable insights into optimizing fluorine implantation to balance its positive and negative effects on device fabrication. Moreover, the review paper also proposes future directions for optimizing fluorine implant conditions to broaden the understanding of fluorine implantation and opens up new avenues to explore its potential in semiconductor device fabrication.

The effect of siliceous types as pozzolanic materials and aggregate types on the properties of cement mortar

Raed K. Mohammed Jawad, Mohammed J. Kadhim, Layla M. Hasan — Mon, 04 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Portland cement can be considered as the most important building materials because it is serving as the primary component in the manufacturing of mortar and concrete for diverse buildings., but cement production is associated with high carbon dioxide emissions when compared with other building materials. Therefore, it has a high impact on climate change around the world. Many types of materials were added to cement mortar and concrete to improve their properties and reduce the amount of cement in their mixtures. In this research to produce sustainable cement mortar, the effect of adding various siliceous materials (Silica (SiO₂) is the main constituent) as pozzolanic materials on the properties of cement mortar with and without waste fine aggregate was investigated. The silica fume, silica powder, and waste glass powder were used to replace (2.5, 5, and 10) weight percentages of cement in the cement mortar mixture with natural sand. While 5% silica fume, 10% silica powder, and 5% waste glass powder were used to replace cement in cement, a 25-weight percentage of waste mortar was used as a fine aggregate to replace virgin aggregate in mortar mixtures. The flexural and compressive limits were evaluated for all cement mortar samples, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was characterized for some samples (control and high compressive strength). The findings indicate that the siliceous materials used in this study enhanced the compressive strength of cement mortar by altering its microstructure. The maximum compressive strength of 36.16 MPa was achieved. in samples that contained 5% silica fume in a standard cement mortar, while samples that contained 100% waste fine aggregate and 2.5% waste glass had a lower compressive strength ( 17.89 MPa) than all samples of cement mortar prepared by this research for 28 curing days.

Numerical simulation and characterization of solar cells based on GaAs/p-Si: influence on thickness and doping concentration dependence

Mohd Zaki Mohd Yusoff, Fazlin Mohamad Rahimi — Mon, 04 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Rapid urbanization and industrialization have had a substantial impact on the global growth in energy consumption over the last two decades. Solar energy is seen as an essential energy source capable of meeting this demand in a cost-effective and ecologically normal manner. Improving solar cell efficiency is seen as a requirement for sustaining the expansion of silicon solar cells in the energy industry. The influence parameters of both n-p regions thickness and doping concentrations on solar cell efficiency was investigated in this study using PC1D simulation software. The problem for solar panels is the efficiency and the output power of the solar panel. The objectives are to create thorough and realistic models for optimizing the thickness and doping concentration for solar cells using PC1D simulation. The most effective solar cell, which can be used to make a very efficient model, have an emitter thickness and base thickness of 0.1 µm (doping = ) and 100 µm (doping =) with an efficiency of 24.02% and 24.77%.

A Mini Review on Elucidating Wire Lifting Defects due to Au5Al2 Formation in LED Thermosonic Bonding

Mon, 04 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are commonly employed as a light source because of its energy efficiency and great light intensity. The reliability of LED components is critical, especially when they are employed as safety equipment in medical devices, automobiles, ad aerospace, among other applications. LED failure due to wire connections must be avoided at all costs. Wire bonding is one of the methods used in LED manufacture. Ball lifting and wedge lifting is one of the failures in wire bonding process. Ball lifting is the process of separating a ball bond from a semiconductor device's bond pad. There are numerous explanations why this might be the situation. Ball lifting and wedge lifting is caused by an improper wire bonding configuration and contamination of the bond pad surface. Unstable work piece holders, incorrect wire bond parameter configurations, and outdated wire bonding equipment are all factors in an inadequate setup. The bond pad and the ball as a result have inadequate initial welding and insufficient intermetallic formation. The connection will break because of this problem, and the LED will stop working.

Experimental Study on Chemical Resilience of Glass Reinforced Polymer Pipes for Sewage Applications

Priyank Upadhyaya, Vijay Lakshmi Mishra, Devanand Chelot — Mon, 04 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A comprehensive understanding of composite pipe corrosion behavior is essential due to their exposure to diverse chemical environments. This study examines Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) composites, commonly employed in underground construction and industrial applications, with a particular emphasis on the rehabilitation of aging sewage pipelines. The investigation focuses on assessing the chemical durability of a multi-layer GRP material reinforced with polyester resin. The chemical resistance of individual layers and the composite as a whole are evaluated before and after immersion in various chemicals for periods of 30, 60, 90, and 180 days. The chemical environments are designed to replicate in-service conditions, including exposure to Sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄), Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP), distilled water, Sodium chloride (NaCl), Propanone (C₃H₆O), Cobalt Octate, and Dimethylacetamide (DMA). Mass loss measurements are used to evaluate changes in chemical composition. The observations from this study assist in estimating the long-term structural health of composite pipes exposed to harsh chemicals found in sewage water.

The optical performance of a U-shaped optical fiber sensor for glucose sensing applications

Mon, 04 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This project demonstrated the development of a de-cladded U-shaped optical fibre used to measure optical performance and sensitivity in response to varying concentrations of glucose solutions. The optical fibre was fabricated by bending it into a U-shaped pattern with a curvature diameter of 1 cm and 2 cm. Subsequently, the cladding layer in the curved region was de-clad using a flame heating method for durations of 40 and 50 minutes. Optical characterization was conducted by transmitting a 1550 nm laser through the modified fibre that had dropped glucose solutions ranging from 1 mM to 8 mM. Changes in output power, due to refractive index variations in the glucose solutions, were detected using a photodiode. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) results revealed that the highest reduction in cladding thickness occurred at 2 cm curvature diameter with reductions of 4.58% and 5.34% for 40 minutes and 50 minutes heating, respectively. The optical response showed a linear decrease in output power with increasing glucose concentration. The highest sensitivity achieved was 2.5 μW/mM with R2=0.90 for the 1 cm curvature diameter with 50 minutes of burning. In contrast, the 1 cm curvature at 40 minutes of burning time produced a sensitivity of 1.05 μW/mM (R² = 0.99). De-cladded of the cladding layer enhanced sensitivity in curvature region with precisely to detect small changes in output power for different concentrations of glucose solutions. Overall, the integration of the de-cladded cladding layer and U-shaped patterns of optical fibre sensors apparently offers more sensitive sensing detection capabilities.

Ultrasonic modification for stabilizing Lantana camara nanosuspension emulsification

Mon, 04 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The preparation of emulsification by low-energy phase inversion is an appropriate method for providing a nanosuspension of Lantana camara Ethyl Acetate Fraction (EAF) dispersed in water. In the formulation, the challenge faced is preventing the re-agglomeration of nanosuspension and stabilizing the formula over the storage period. This study reports the preparation of the L. camara EAF in water media using a low-energy phase inverse emulsion method with the modification of ultrasonic applications. The low-energy ultrasonic application effectively breaks the larger clusters of L. camara EAF suspension into a nanosuspension, allowing for a 77% increase in the distribution of primary size particles (8.3 ± 1.3 nm) and receiving a higher fraction of nano sized particles dispersed in the water solvent. It showed by the increase of zeta potential and the reduction of index polydispersity (Z = –8.5 mV, PI = 0.665) after sonicated. Optimal ultrasonication of the prepared L. camara EAF nanosuspension is achieved with a 50% amplitude vibration maintained for 60 minutes, which can effectively control the nano-size particle dispersion as well as improve the stability of the suspension. The L. camara EAF nanosuspension also maintained stability over the 60 days of storage with re-stirring and re-ultrasonic agitation. The effective ultrasonic application was critical in controlling the size distribution and stability of the prepared L. camara EAF nanosuspension through low-energy emulsification.

The role of solvents on the optical properties of carbon quantum dots synthesized via solvothermal/hydrothermal method

Fani Rahayu Hidayah Rayanisaputri, Ferry Anggoro Ardy Nugroho, Vivi Fauzia — Mon, 04 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This research explores how different solvents affect the synthesis and optical properties of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) using a solvothermal method. Previous studies on emission-related applications have emphasized the optical and electrical properties, but there has been little focus on how the choice of solvent affects electrocatalytic applications. The findings demonstrate that the choice of solvent significantly influences the crystallinity, particle size, functional groups, and both absorption and photoluminescence spectra, leading to variations in the band gaps. CQDs-DI had the smallest particles at 3.6 ± 0.6 nm with a polycrystalline structure, CQDs-Glycerol had moderate-sized particles at 6.7 ± 0.6 nm with an amorphous structure, while CQDs-DMF produced the largest particles at 15.1 ± 2.0 nm. FTIR and UV-Vis tests confirmed different functional groups, with CQDs-DMF showing amide groups. The presence of amide groups in CQDs-DMF led to hydrophobic properties, supported by an additional peak in the UV-Vis spectrum at 450 nm, caused by the surface state of C=N. Additionally, TRPL characterization showed that CQDs-Glycerol had the fastest lifetime decay, at 2.3 ns, other than CQDs-DI at 4.73 ns and CQDs-DMF at 5.58 ns. This study demonstrate that DI and glycerol solvent are efficient solvents for synthesizing CQDs as electrocatalysts due to their hydrophilic nature and crystallinity.