Advanced and Sustainable Technologies (ASET)

Effect of Ball Milling Process on the Characteristics of Natural Based- And Synthetic Based-Wollastonite for Biomedical Application

Nur Hasnidah Ahmad Shukeri — 2024-12-02

Wollastonite (CaSiO₃) is a potential biomaterial, particularly beneficial for biomedical purposes such as tissue bone regeneration. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of dry and wet milling conditions on the formation of solid wollastonite bioceramic. In this study, synthetic-type wollastonite was produced from chemically synthetic powder; meanwhile, a combination of seashells and rice husk ash (RHA) was used to form natural-type wollastonite. In sample preparation, CaO and SiO₂ powder (1:1 weight ratio) were milled together by planetary ball milling operation under different milling conditions: dry and wet milling. The ball-milled powder mixtures were compacted before sintering at 1200°C for 4 hours. The weight loss and shrinkage of the samples were measured and characterized using XRD, FTIR, and SEM analysis. The results confirmed that the wollastonite phase was formed after the sintering process for both dry and wet ball milled processes with anorthic and monoclinic structure types of calcium silicate phases. The wet-milled processed natural powders relatively formed denser bodies and had a higher weight loss percentage compared to dry-milled processed synthetic powders. In conclusion, wet milling is a more suitable method for producing solid wollastonite via powder sintering. In addition, the natural-based sources from RHA and seashells were able to reach the mineralogical properties comparable to synthetic-based sources for forming wollastonite, which could be promising as an alternative material in biomedical applications.

Structural Integrity and Elasticity of Banana Fibre Effect of Blast Pressure: Understandings from Strain Test Comparisons Before and After Blast Test

Abdul Rashid Othman — 2024-12-02

The purpose of this study is to analyse the structural integrity and elasticity of banana fibre that has been subjected to the blast effect. To accomplish this evaluation, strain tests are done before and after the blast test. The finding that the material's tensile strength was greatly enhanced was one of the most important findings that was made. As a result of being treated with a 400g blast, the pressure reached 12,482.57 MPa, but when 800 g blast, the pressure reached 24,965.15 MPa. During the tensile tests, for the sample 400 g, the maximum force was 64.81 N, and the stress was 2.16 N/mm². Sample 400 g had a maximum force of 137.61 N and a stress of 4.59 N/mm². The strain test results showed that 400 g had a maximum stroke of 1.59 mm and a strain value of 2.45%. Besides, 800 g has a maximum stroke of 0.83 mm and a strain value of 1.27%. The data thermocouple indicates that the temperature sample is 400 g, reaching a maximum temperature of 39.68°C. When it reached its greatest point, the temperature of 800 g was 38.12 °C. Based on the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that the fibre exhibited higher levels of strength and resilience when it was subjected to conditions that needed a greater amount of blasting.

Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Under-door Exhaust Duct: Influences of Inlet Diameter and Number of Outlet Holes

Jun Yuan Phong — 2024-12-02

This paper analyses the duct flow pressure and velocity using SimFlow 4.0, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. The primary objective of the study is to investigate the fluid behavior within duct systems, focusing on critical parameters such as pressure distribution and velocity profiles. The simulation considers two independent parameters: the inlet diameter of the duct flow and the number of the outlet duct flow. The results demonstrate that the variations in duct design and inlet conditions influence the overall performance, highlighting critical regions of pressure distribution and velocity changes. The correlations between the inlet diameter and number of outlets with the pressure and velocity are studied. This analysis provides valuable insights for optimizing ductwork in various engineering applications, ensuring efficient and effective fluid transport. Besides, the study emphasizes the importance of CFD tools like SimFlow in predicting and enhancing the performance of duct systems.

Analysis of Aircraft Hydraulic Filter Flow: Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation Using SimFlow 4.0

Muhammad Aiman Rahimi Adli — 2024-12-02

Hydraulic systems are critical to the performance and reliability of various aircraft and machine operations, such as landing gear, brake systems, and control surfaces. Understanding the flow properties of hydraulic circuits is essential to optimize these systems. This study aims to analyze an aircraft hydraulic filter's performance using SimFlow and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), focusing on mesh resolution and inlet velocity influence to predict pressure and velocity accurately. A comprehensive three-dimensional filter model is developed, and meshing is conducted at different resolutions. The flow is then modeled using the k-ω SST turbulence model within the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) framework, considering fully turbulent, incompressible, and steady-state flow conditions. The findings are expected to show that finer mesh resolutions yield more precise predictions of pressure drops and flow distributions within the filter. As mesh density increases, the variance in maximum pressure and velocity values is anticipated to decrease, leading to more consistent simulation outcomes. This research provides insights into optimal meshing strategies for accurate CFD analysis of hydraulic filters, emphasizing the importance of careful mesh selection in achieving reliable simulation results. The results have practical implications for designing and optimizing more efficient hydraulic systems. Future work should focus on attaining mesh independence, simulating transient flows, and cross-validating the findings with experimental data.

Flow Analysis in Cooling Channels for Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) Block

Mohd Izzat Aiman Adi — 2024-12-02

This study investigates the dynamics of fluid flow in the cooling channels of the graphics processing unit (GPU) blocks, focusing on the effects of varying inlet and outlet diameters as well as the shape of the pipes on the maximum pressure and temperature within the system. The primary objectives are: first, to evaluate the different inlet and outlet diameters (5 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm) that impact peak pressure and temperature; second, to examine the influence of pipe designs on these parameters. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted to model and analyze these variations using SimFlow 4.0. The findings reveal significant correlations between the geometric configurations and the flow characteristics, with specific diameters and designs leading to notable changes in maximum temperature. These insights provide a deeper understanding of optimizing cooling channel designs for improved thermal management in GPUs. The study concludes by emphasizing the critical role of geometric parameters in the performance of cooling systems and suggesting directions for further research.

Effect of Inlet-Outlet Diameter on the Water Flow in Gully Trap for Water Drainage System: CFD Analysis

Muhammad Syafiq Bahanuddin — 2024-12-02

The efficient functioning of bathroom drainage systems is critical for maintaining hygienic and odor-free living spaces. Central to these systems is the gully trap, which plays a key role in preventing the escape of sewer gases while allowing wastewater to flow freely. This study employs Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to analyze the internal flow characteristics within a gully trap, focusing on the impact of varying inlet and outlet diameters on velocity and pressure distribution. Using the SimFlow software, simulations were conducted to visualize and quantify the flow behavior within the trap. The study involved generating an unstructured mesh with a maximum node limit of 200,000 to ensure a detailed capture of flow dynamics. The finite volume method (FVM) and appropriate turbulence models, such as k-ε or k-ω, were utilized for accurate simulations. Verification through grid independence tests and sensitivity analyses ensured the reliability of the results. The findings revealed significant velocity and pressure distribution variations based on changes in inlet and outlet diameters, providing insights into optimizing gully trap design for enhanced performance. This study contributes to environmental engineering by offering a deeper understanding of fluid dynamics in drainage systems, paving the way for developing more efficient and reliable gully traps. The insights gained are expected to aid in reducing blockages and improving water flow efficiency, ultimately enhancing the sustainability and effectiveness of plumbing systems.

Influence of Inlet Mass Flow Rates on Fluid Characteristics of Engine Exhaust Manifold

Vinoth Baskaran — 2024-12-02

This study presents a comprehensive Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of internal flow behavior within an engine exhaust manifold under various operating conditions. The primary focus is on examining velocity and pressure distributions across different scenarios. The simulations explore the effects of varying inlet mass flow rates (0.004 m³/s, 0.006 m³/s, and 0.008 m³/s) using three turbulence models: k-ε, k-ω, and k-ω SST. The analysis provides detailed insights into complex flow patterns, including meshing strategies, boundary condition setups, and solver configurations, with particular attention to phenomena such as flow separation, recirculation, and turbulence. Parametric variations are thoroughly examined to assess how different turbulence models and mass flow rates influence critical parameters like pressure and velocity. The findings offer valuable insights into the manifold's flow dynamics, contributing to design enhancements to improve engine performance and reduce emissions.

Innovative Design Idea of the Shaft Drilling Jigs and Fixture for Better Machining and Fabrication

Iznul Azim Ibrahim — 2024-12-02

This project focuses on enhancing precision and efficiency in the manufacturing process by optimizing the selection and design of jigs and fixtures, specifically aimed at reducing cycle time in pinion production. The methodology incorporates product design using Solidworks and Surfcam, encompassing the development of a detailed fabrication flow, process planning, selection of machines and tools, material choices, and manufacturing methods. Implementing shaft drilling jigs is crucial in improving operational efficiency, safety, and product quality. Key recommendations emphasize the importance of jig rigidity, adaptability, secure clamping, precise guiding, ergonomics, safety features, and thorough documentation. The enhanced jigs successfully improved machinability and prevented shaft slippage. Future recommendations suggest exploring the use of advanced materials, integrating automation, and fostering collaborative efforts.

Innovative Design of Three-Axis Jig for Drilling Enhancement

Dainty Chen Shu Juan — 2024-12-02

Jigs and fixtures serve as industrial tools to achieve precise and standardized production of interchangeable parts, ensuring consistency and compatibility in manufacturing operations. This study observes the improvement of the design and function of the jig. The study aims to analyze product costs and determine maximum profits and return on investment. The original Plate Jig had two problems: the absence of a marking function and limitations in holding curved-sided workpieces. This study focuses on enhancing the drilling process by introducing a marking and ruler system and redesigning the locator. These improvements will increase efficiency and ease of use for operators. The raw material must undergo the drilling and heat, cutting, polishing, and CNC Milling process to produce this product. The method of creating a Staircase Locator by undergoing a CNC Milling process that is designed using the SURFCAM Software is discussed in this paper. After the cost analysis, the profits can earn in RM176.02, and the return of investment is 68.98%. By employing 3-axis jigs, the measurement process can be significantly expedited.

Optimization Model for Maximizing Economic Impact of POME Treatment System

Sivakumar Pallikodathan — 2024-12-02

This study presents a strategic planning model to optimize economic returns and minimize the environmental impact of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) treatment systems. The model aims to maximize profits while reducing CO₂e emissions by evaluating three treatment options: Anaerobic Digester Tank System (ADT), Covered Lagoon (CL) with biogas capture, and Open Pond System (OP). Constraints considered include fresh fruit bunch (FFB) production, POME generation, treatment system capacity, electricity generation from the existing boiler and additional biogas engine, electricity demand, capital costs, and operating costs. A mixed-integer linear programming model (MILP) is formulated and optimized using GAMS 40.1.0 software, focusing on selecting the treatment system that balances profitability with minimal CO₂e emissions. Applied to a case study of two mills in Papua New Guinea, the model identified the ADT system as the optimal treatment system. In the Economic Mode, the model prioritizes profit maximization, achieving a total annual profit of USD 9,769,439, with electricity sales amounting to USD 12,399,439 per year. The developed model can assist governmental agencies and private sectors in developing strategic pome treatment systems that enhance profitability while minimizing environmental impact.

CFD Simulation of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer of Internal Cooling Channels for Turning Tool

Nazmin Ikbar Mohd Piterah — 2024-12-02

The internal-cooling approach emerged as an alternative in sustainable machining practices due to its multiple benefits. Cooling channels have been applied to cutting inserts to remove heat concentrated in a small area during machining. As a result, these cooling channels are critical in lowering tool temperatures and wear rates. The design of the cooling channel influences the effectiveness of heat management. In the present study, three types of cooling channel designs have been developed to investigate the cooling effect on the insert from the variety of cooling channel profiles. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is utilized to simulate the cooling effect for all profiles. A temperature reduction has been observed for the internally cooled cutting insert compared to the conventional tool without a cooling channel. The temperature difference is observed when the profile of the channel is varied. In addition, the coolant profile has been observed to be more effective in heat removal when the inlet pressure of the cutting fluid is increased. Through the velocity vector results, it has been determined that the heat transfer rate increases as the flow velocity of coolant within the channel increases. The Turbulence Kinetic Energy (TKE) simulation's value shows that a heat transfer rate enhancement is attained by elevating the TKE value, which depends on the configuration of the coolant flow channel.

Bioinsecticidal Activity of Roots and Leaves Extract of Cymbopogon citratus on Sitophyluz oryzae

Nurhadijah Zainalabidin — 2024-12-02

Sitophilus oryzae is a storage pest of serious concern nowadays, which causes various losses by destroying large quantities of grains, legumes, and other food materials. Several methods have been utilized to overcome the infestation of this pest, including synthetic pesticides. However, this method somehow negatively impacted the surroundings, especially the non-targeting organism. Thus, biopesticides safe to nature and ecosystems can be applied as an alternative. The aim of this research was to study the bioinsecticidal activities of Cymbopogon citratus leaves and root extract against Sitophilus oryzae. The bioinsecticidal activity was assessed through repellency tests, contact activity, and phytochemical analysis. Roots and leaves were extracted using solvents such as ethanol, methanol, and chloroform. Extract concentration was varied to 50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm for repellency and contact activity tests. Based on the data obtained, it was best described that ethanolic extract of C. citratus root shows the highest repellency of 100% after 5 h exposure to 200 ppm extract concentration with a mean repellency of 80.7%. Both ethanolic extract of C. citratus root and leaves at 200 ppm show 100% mortality of S. oryzae after 24 h exposure. Based on phytochemical screening, saponin, phenols, and tannins were detected in both the root and leaves of C. citratus, which might be possible to contribute in the bioinsecticidal activity.

Simulation and Experimental Study of Arduino DC Motor Speed Control with PID Controller

S. I. Samsudin — 2024-12-02

DC motors have wide applications in industrial machinery, robotics and power systems. However, a DC motor without a controller may run in unstable speed and leading to the failure of the system operation. In fact, proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers are commonly used to control the speed of DC motors due to simple control structure but effective control performance. This project aims to regulate the speed of Arduino DC motor with PID controller in MATLAB Simulation platform. The project focuses on the development of Arduino DC motor, integration of the Arduino DC motor to MATLAB continuing with the validation of the PID control performances. It was proved that the speed of the DC motor was successfully controlled by the PID controller with more than 85% improvement of the mean error for both simulation and experimental works. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of PID in regulating motor speed and its potential for advanced control strategies of various DC motor applications, across educational and industrial areas.

Energy Absorption Characteristics of Thin-Walled Tubes Filled with Rice Husk and Kenaf Fibers

Masniezam Ahmad — 2024-12-02

This study investigates the energy absorption characteristics of thin-walled tubes filled with rice husk and kenaf fibers when compressed under axial compression. The aim of this study is to evaluate the crashworthiness parameters such as energy absorption (EA), initial peak load (IPL), crush force efficiency (CFE) and specific energy absorption (SEA). Experimental results show that tubes filled with rice husk and kenaf exhibit significant improvements in overall energy absorption compared to empty tubes. However, while both fillers enhanced EA, the SEA values were lower than predicted. Thus, it is suggested that further optimization, such as adjusting filler density or exploring hybrid filler combinations, could improve crashworthiness. This study highlights the potential for rice husk and kenaf fibers as sustainable filler options for lightweight, impact-resistant designs in automotive, aerospace, and other engineering applications, with opportunities for improvement in future research.